2019
POLITICAL SCIENCE
Full Marks: 100
Pass Marks: 30
Time: Three hours
The figures in the margin indicate full marks
for the questions
PART – A: (Contemporary World Politics)
1. Answer the following as directed: 1x6=6
(a) Write
the full form of SEATO.
Ans:- Southeast Asia Treaty Organization.
(b) The
collapse of which country is known as the collapse of “Second World”?
Ans:- The Soviet Union
(c) First
Gulf War is also known as Operation Desert Storm. (Write ‘Yes’ or ‘No’)
(d) Agra
Summit took place between India and Pakistan. Write the name of the Indian
Prime Minister who participated in the Summit. 1
Ans:- Atal Bihari Vajpayee.
(e) Rio
Summit approved a developmental programme named ‘Agenda – 21’. (Write ‘yes’ or ‘no’)
(f) The
World Council of Indigenous People was formed in the year 1974/1975/1976 (Choose the correct
answer)
2. Mention two reforms Mikhail
Gorbachev initiated in the Soviet Union. 2
Ans: - In the USSR, two reforms initiated by
President Gorbachev are Perestroika and Glasnost.
3. Mention two areas of conflict between
India and Bangladesh. 2
Ans: - For
cooperation:
(i) See prior policy,
(ii) Disaster Management.
For
disagreement:
(i) The division of the Ganges and
Brahmaputra waters.
(ii) Migrating from Bangladesh.
4. Write the name of two conflicting
communities of Sri Lanka. 2
Ans:- Tamil community and the Singhalese community.
5. Write the name of two
non-governmental organizations which concerned with Protection of Human Rights
all over the world. 2
Ans: There are two famous NGOs related to the protection of human
rights around the world. Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International
6. Write two distinctions between
migrants and refugees. 2
Ans. The
differences between Migrants and Refugees are –
1) Migrants
are those who voluntarily leave their home countries. Refugees are those who
flee for war, natural disaster or political persecution.
2) Migrants
are not accepted by the state. But states are supposed to accept refugees.
7. In which year was Kyoto Protocol
signed? The Protocol dealt with which problem of the environment? 2
Ans:- India
signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol in August 2002. Protocol dealt with
global warming. (year 1991).
8. Discuss briefly about the new International
Economic Order. 4
Ans: - The new international economic order
refers to an economic system to reduce the difference between the developed
countries of the world and less developed countries.
The idea
of the New International Economic Order arose for the sustainable and equal
economic development of the least developed countries. The United Nations
Conference on Trade and Development came out in 1972 with a report to give
feedback on the new international economy.
The new
international economic order is a tool for the least developed countries to
achieve economic development and political independence. This non-alignment
motive gradually changed the nature of NAM and by 1970 NAM became an economic
pressure group.
9. What 9/11 indicated in world politics?
Discuss briefly. 4
Ans:- The attacks brought significant and widespread changes in
American politics and foreign policy. Domestically, both parties strengthened
new or anti-terrorism legislation. The majority of this legislation has been
funded by Western countries. As of 9/11 and 2011, 119,044 counter-terrorism
arrests and 35,117 convictions in 66 countries. Conversely, only a few hundred
terrorists were convicted every year before 9/11.
In recent
years, the war in Afghanistan, once largely seen as a "just war",
lost popularity. As of 2011, more than 60% of Americans opposed the war.
10. Discuss briefly the functions of
the World Bank. 4
Ans:
Following are the functions of World Bank:
1) The World Bank works for human development,
agriculture and rural development, environmental protection, infrastructure and
governance.
2) It provides loans and grants to member
countries. In this way it highly affects the economic policies of developing
countries.
3) The World Bank promotes long-range balanced
development of international trade and maintenance of equilibrium in the
balance of payments by encouraging international investment of productive
resources.
4) To assist in the reconstruction and
development of members' areas for capital investment.
11. Discuss briefly about the
components of the Security Strategy of India. 4
Ans: - India's security strategy is a combination of four
components that change from time to time. This includes -
1) Strengthen military capability: The first
component was strengthening military capabilities as India has been involved in
conflicts with its neighbors - Pakistan in 1947–48, 1965, 1971 and 1999; And
China in 1962. Since it is surrounded by nuclear-armed countries in the South
Asian region, the 1998 decision by the Indian government to conduct tests in
India was justified to protect national security, the first time India launched
a nuclear device. Time. 1974. Tested.
2) Internal Security: The second component of
India's security strategy has been prepared for challenges within the country
with several terrorist organizations in Kashmir, Punjab, Nagaland, Manipur and
Mizoram, which at times threaten to create chaotic problems for India. Give.
Give. Give. Giving is internal security. India has tried to stabilize national
unity by adopting a democratic political regime, which allows various groups
and communities to express their grievances freely and share political power.
3) Strengthening international norms and
international institutions: The third component of India's security strategy is
to strengthen international standards and institutions to protect its security
interests. India's first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, supported Asian
solidarity, disintegration, disarmament and the support of the United Nations
as a platform in which international confrontations can occur. India has taken
the initiative in nuclear non-proliferation. India has agreed to a similar new
international economic order. Most importantly, it uses non-alignment to help
the two superpowers create a zone of peace outside of block politics. India
joined 160 countries to sign and ratify the 1997 Kyoto Protocol to reduce
emissions of harmful gases. Indian troops have been sent abroad on UN peace
operations in support of cooperative security initiatives.
4) Economic Development: A growing effort has
been made to develop the Indian economy so that poverty, misery and
inequalities are eliminated and people can raise their standard of living.
Despite many efforts, India is still a poor country, but the democratic system
also allows for the least benefit to express its voice. Democratic governments
are always under pressure to accelerate development. Thus, democracy in India
is not only a political ideal, but also a means of ensuring greater security.
12. Discuss about the cultural consequences of globalization. 4
Ans: The results of globalization differ about the three
dimensions -
a) Due to
the advent of globalization, the entry and inter-case role of multinationals
around the world has reduced the government's ability to make its own
decisions, with states gradually carrying out economic and earlier social
welfare functions. With the coming back Thus, the 'welfare state' has been
replaced by a market factor that has become the major determinant of social and
economic priorities.
b)
Economic globalization promotes trade in countries, so supporters have agreed
that this trade between countries allows each economy to do what it does best.
This will benefit the whole world.
c) The
impact of globalization has led to the emergence of a common culture, known as
cultural homogenization.
d) Advocates
argue that economic globalization leads to greater economic growth and welfare
for a larger segment of the population where there is corruption.
13. Why did Soviet Union disintegrate? Discuss elaborately. 6
Ans: The
following points are analyzed by experts as the prime causes responsible for
breakdown of Soviet Union.
a) Defective Leadership: The most
important cause for the disintegration of Soviet Union lies in the defective
leadership. The leader of the party was considered to be the leader of the
government and the state or country. The leaders were busy with their luxurious
lifestyle and corruption. The poor leadership and effort to improve their rule
became a cause for the disintegration of Soviet Union.
b) Reformative policies of Gorbachev: the
reformative policies of Mikhayl Gorbachev were also responsible for the
disintegration of Soviet Union. He without preparing an environment of freedom,
equality, nationality, economic self dependence and unity implemented the
policies of Glasnost (openness) and Perestroika (restructuring).
c) Economic stagnation: The Soviet
Union maintained a huge nuclear and military arsenal which was used to develop
and maintain its satellite states in Eastern Europe and its Soviet Republics
particularly the five Central Republics. It led to a huge burden on its economy
and resources. People of Soviet Union could not advance as rapidly as their
Western adversaries.
Or
Discuss elaborately the U.S. hegemony as an
Economic Super Power. 6
Ans:- The world was left with only one
superpower America and came to be known as American hegemony to show the
superiority of its military power. American hegemony also shaped the world
economy and emerged as military supremacy, economic system, political supremacy
and cultural superiority.
Domination
as a structural power means the economic perspective of the world economy. This
can be expressed in the following ways:
1. An open
world economy needs a large force to support its creation and survival.
2. Hegman
must have both the ability and willingness to set certain standards for order
and the Bretton Woods system should be maintained by the US after World War II.
3. America
demonstrates this hegemony by providing global public goods that can be used by
one person without reducing the amount of goods available to another person.
4. A
classical example of America's structural power is a Master of Educational
degree in Business Administration (MBA) to sharpen business skills at a
university.
14. What are the main pillars of ASEAN? Discuss elaborately. 6
Ans: As ASEAN had some of the fastest growing
economy, it expanded its objectives beyond the scope of social and economic
cooperation. In 2003, ASEAN followed the European Union path by establishing an
ASEAN community with three pillars. They are -
ASEAN has
three pillars - the security community, the economic community and the
socio-cultural community.
ASEAN
Security Community:
a) The
ASEAN security community aims to maintain peace and security in South-Asian
countries. For this they meet often to resolve their security issues.
b) ASEAN
nations also want to make their place an area of peace. So they cooperate
with each other to end extremism and terrorist activities.
Asian
Economic Community:
a) ASEAN's
goal to create a common market and production base within the ASEAN states and
to aid social and economic development in the region.
b) This
investment also focuses on creating a free trade zone for labor and services.
ASEAN
Socio-Cultural Community:
a) ASEAN
countries have tried to maintain close cultural ties with all regions of the
world. Sports and cultural terms have often been exchanged between ASEAN and
non-ASEAN countries.
b) They
also aim that closer cultural ties will strengthen relations between ASEAN
countries. The organization has started giving literary awards to people in the
ASEAN region.
Or
Discuss the rise of China as an Economic
Power. 6
Ans: - The rise of Chinese economy has made it
the third option of world power. The growth of China's stable economy is
projected to grow the US as the world's largest economy, with China's economic
integration into the region making it a driver of great influence in regional
affairs. The strength of its economy, along with other factors such as
population, land mass, resources, regional location, and political influence,
has connected it in significant ways and made it the third alternative power in
the world.
China's
population of 1.3 billion calls it the most populous country on Earth,
accounting for one-fifth of the world's population; While it is the third
largest country after Russia and Canada in about 10 million square kilometers.
Its 2.25 million soldiers make up the world's largest armed force. China's
reputation as a major military power comes from the possession of nuclear
weapons capable of all range and delivery modes.
Economically,
it is the fourth largest trading country in the world, ranking 32nd in 1978 and
10th in 1997. 13% of world output (at purchasing power parity), second only to
the US with its GDP.
China, the
successor of 5,000 years of civilization, is the fastest developing economy in
the world even in the present era, an average of 9.5% annually for the last 20
years. Such high growth rates, low labor costs and a huge emerging market have
attracted the world's highest level of FDI. After China joined the World Trade
Organization in December 2001, it has become one of the most open economies in
the developing world, with the average tariff falling from 41% to 6% after the
World Trade Organization access in 1992.
PART – B: (Politics in India since
Independence)
15. (a) Write the full form of N.D.A. 1
Ans:- National
Democratic Alliance.
(b) Write the name of the party that won the
second largest number of Lok Sabha seats in the First General Election of
India. 1
Ans:- Indian National Congress (INC).
(c) In which year Election Commission started
using E.V.M.? 1
Ans:- In 1990.
(d) Who was the Prime Minister of the
coalition government of 1989? 1
Ans: - Vishwanath Pratap Singh was the Prime
Minister of the 1989 coalition government.
(e) The Government of India appointed Mandal
Commission in the year 1979. (Fill in
the blank) 1
(f) Write one feature of New Economic Policy
of India. 1
Ans: - One main features of the new
economic policy:
(i) Six industries were placed under
distribution only licensing scheme.
16. When was Bharatiya Jana Sangha formed? Who was the founder
President of Jana Sangha? 2
Ans:- Bharatiya Jana Sangh was formed in 1951. The founder
president of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh was Shyama Prasad Mukherjee.
17. On which date was the draft of the Indian Constitution signed
and when it came into force? 2
Ans: - The draft Indian Constitution was signed on 26 November
1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950.
18. Write two reasons responsible for growing importance of
regional Political Parties in Indian Politics. 2
Ans:-The rise of political parties is directly linked to the
emergence of representative democracies. As we have seen, large societies need
representative democracy. As societies grew larger and more complex, they also
required some agency to collect different views on various issues and present
them to the government. They needed a mechanism to support or curb the
government, formulate policies, justify or oppose them. Political parties meet
these needs which every representative government has.
19. Which two union territories were given the status of statehood
in 1972? 2
Ans: - In 1972, Manipur and Tripura were given statehood.
20. Write any two causes of conflict between India and Pakistan. 2
Ans.
Kashmir issue and Border issue and problem of river water sharing have affected
India-Pakistan relations.
21. Give two suggestions to curb communalism in India. 2
Ans: - (a) Due to social division (b) British
policy of partition and governance.
22. Discuss briefly about the challenges faced by India immediately
after independence. 4
Ans.
Immediately after independence there were many challenges or problems in
independent India that needed a solution. The challenges are the following –
a) To shape
of nation: The first and foremost challenge was the political unification and
integration of the territory. India is a land of continental size and
diversity. There were around 600 states of varying sizes and population. The
partition of the country appeared to prove everyone’s worst fears. Hence there
was a serious question about the future of India, i.e. would Indian survive as
a unified country.
b) To
establish democratic form of government: The second challenge was to establish
a democratic form of government. Democracy in function according to
constitutional norms. This means India will have representative democracy based
on the Parliamentary form of government.
23. Discuss briefly about defection in
the Party System of India. 4
Ans:- The politics of defection began in India after the fourth
general election in 1967 and continued to attract public attention thereafter.
Even before when there was a political lapse in DRS. T. like Raghu Veera, Ashok
Mehta and Prakasam. Individuals had left their parties. But the problem was not
really serious at the time because such examples were few and far between.
This defection as either voluntarily
giving up membership of your party or disobeying (voting or voting) against the
party leadership's directives (political whip) on the legislature's vote.
24. Why did India adopt the policy of non-alignment? Discuss
briefly. 4
Ans: - India decided to follow the policy of
non-alignment based on foreign policy. After independence from British
colonialism, India wanted to maintain independence in the decision to forge
external relations with various countries. At the time of India's independence,
the Cold War between the two superpowers had started. India decided to remain
independent of super-power rivalry and decided to frame foreign policy, which
could protect its national interests. Therefore, India adopted non-alignment as
the basis of foreign policy. India wanted peace and friendly relations between
all the countries of the world.
25. Write the main objectives of the
National Policy for the Empowerment of Women, 2001. 4
Ans:- The National Policy for the Empowerment of Women, passed in
the year 2001, aimed at the advancement, development and empowerment of women
and specifically includes:
(i)
Creating an environment for positivity through positive economic and social
policies enables women to realize their full potential.
(ii) de
jure and de facto enjoyment by all human rights and fundamental freedoms.
Political, economic, social, cultural and civic based on women with men in all
fields.
(iii)
equal participation in women's participation, decision and social, political
and economic life of the nation.
(iv)
Women's health care, equal access to quality education, career and business at
all levels. Guidance, employment, equal remuneration, occupational health and
safety, social security and public office, etc.
26. Discuss briefly about the initiatives taken by Janata
government. 4.
Ans:- Chander Shekhar 1977-79 is the 'Dam' of Janata Party which
came into existence due to 'Emergency'. According to some critics, the incident
was a result of national conflict. The Janata Party's main programs and
policies were democratic socialism, civil liberties and clean politics. It
offers something unique and attractive and provides organizational vitality to
its people. The credit goes to the Janata Party that it has not lost the
national alternative to the Congress (I). It has many nationally respected
politicians - Mr. Ramakrishna Hegde, Mr. Madhu Dandavate, Mr. Surindra Mohan,
Mr. Madhu Limaye and Chander Shakar - known as honors of norms and values in
the conduct of public affairs. Another strong point in its favor is that it is
not going to provoke violent retaliation. This could be as the head of the
national coalition of anti-Congress forces.
Some
policies and programs of the Janata Government are -
1) The
Janata Party wants to give the country a 'responsible' people and a
'respectable' government for its constitution and democratic freedom.
2) It
promises to create a common cause with the people for the creation of a united
nation by equality, justice and egalitarianism and is governed by the true
representative of the people through democratic processes.
27. Discuss the role of Planning Commission in India. Write the
name of the organization which has replaced the Planning Commission. 5+1=6
Ans. Planning is the systematic regulation of a purposeful
activity. It is an invaluable aid to policy and helps to active national goals
and is a continuous process. Planning is a rational process and concerns itself
with the proposals for the future with the evolution of alternate proposals and
the methods with which these proposals may be achieved. The Planning commission
was set up in India in 1950.
The functions of planning commission are
listed below –
a) To make an
assessment of the materials capital and human resources of the country,
including technical personnel and investigate the possibilities of augmenting
such resources as are found to be deficient in relation to the nations’
requirements.
b) To formulate
a plan for the most effective and balanced utilization the country’s resources.
c) Determination
of priorities define the stage in which the plans should be carried out and
propose the allocation of resources for the due completion of each stage.
d) To indicate
the factors which are tending to retard economic development and determine the
cancelation which in view of the current social and political situations should
be established for the successful execution of the plan.
e) To
determine the nature of the machinery which will be necessary for securing the
successful implementation of each stage of the plan in all its aspects?
f) To
appraise from time to time the progress achieved is the execution of each stage
of the plan and recommend the adjustments of policy and measures that such
appraisal may show to be necessary.
Or
Discuss the main controversies around planned
development in early years of India’s independence. 6
Ans: - Development strategy in the early years
gave rise to two big controversies. These included-
(a)
Agriculture vs. Industry: There was a lot of debate among the planners
as to which of the two was to be given priority in planning the agricultural
industry. Many scholars thought that the Second Five-Year Plan had done more
harm to the suffering industry in agriculture and rural India. An eminent
Gandhian j. C. Kumarappa provided an alternative blueprint that could bring
India on the path of rural industrialization. Congress leader and later
Bharatiya Lok Dal leader Chaudhary Charan Singh stressed the need to make
agriculture the backbone of the economy. Mr. Singh thought that planning led to
prosperity and industrialization in rural areas to urban areas. There were
others who believed that poverty could not be eliminated without industrialization.
The state enacted laws to implement land reforms and distribute resources among
the poor in the villages. Large funds were looted for proposals and irrigation
projects on the community. However, all these policies failed because they were
never implemented. This was because the zamindar classes had social and
political power. Furthermore, this class argued that even if the government
spends a large amount on agriculture, the problem of major poverty will not be
solved.
(b)
Public vs Private Sector: India adopted a mixed model of economy. The
adoption of a mixed economy was subject to criticism from both left and right.
Critics say that the private sector was not given enough space and incentive
for development. The active, increased role for the public sector created
powerful vested interests that created barriers to private capital using
license permit monarchy and permits for investment. In addition, the state's
policy of restricting the good produced by the private sector in the domestic
market left the private sector with no incentives and competitions to improve
its goods. This led to inefficiency and corruption. In addition, critics point
out that the state has not spent enough on public health and education. The
intervention of the state was only in those areas where the private sector did
not interfere. Thus, the state helped the private sector benefit. No help was
given to the poor and a new middle class was created due to the intervention of
the state. This class enjoyed power and privileges without much accountability.
Furthermore, even though the proportion of the poor decreased, their number
continued to increase.
28. Discuss the consequences of National Emergency declared on 25th
June, 1975. 6
Ans: Following are the consequences of
emergency -
a)
Violation of Rights: During an emergency, the government has the
power to prevent or restrict any fundamental right included in the Indian
Constitution.
b)
Use of preventive detention: The government made extensive use of
preventive detention laws during the emergency. Under this provision, people
are arrested and detained not because they have committed a crime, but out of
fear that they may commit a crime.
c)
Return of the awards: Many recipients of civil awards went to the
central government as a mark of opposition to the Emergency. Those who received
Bharat Tanta, Padma Shri, Padma Bhushan, Padma Vibhushan returned the award for
expressing displeasure with the law imposed by Indira Gandhi.
d)
Centralized administration: As soon as emergency was declared, the entire
administration came under the central government. This structure is followed as
a part of the constitutional provision. According to the Indian Constitution,
when any type of emergency is declared, the whole of India turns into a
centralized federation.
e)
Communal Organization Restricted: During the Emergency all Hindu and
Muslim communal organizations were restricted to maintain communal harmony in
the society. Some such communal organizations were RSS, Jamaat-e-Islami etc.
f)
Central Amendment: Many constitutional amendments were made
during the Emergency. Indira Gandhi extended the term of the Lok Sabha,
dividing the authority of the Supreme Court in relation to the election of
President, Vice President, Prime Minister and Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
Or
Discuss elaborately about the Secessionist
Movement of North-East India. 6
Ans:- Mass migration to the North-East gave
rise to a particular type of problem that created a crisis for ‘local’
communities to be viewed as outsiders or migrants. These latecomers either from
India or from abroad, encroach scarce resources such as land and potential
competitors, are seen as employment opportunities and political power. The issue
has taken a political and sometimes violent form in many states of the
Northeast.
The Assam
movement from 1979 to 1985 is the best example of such movements against
'outsiders'. Assamese suspected that there are a large number of illegal
Bengali Muslims from Bangladesh. He felt that till these foreign nationals
would not be traced and deported, they would not put indigenous Assamese in a
minority. There were other economic issues. Assam had widespread poverty and
unemployment despite the existence of natural resources such as oil, tea and
coal. It was felt that people were of no avail.
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