2018
POLITICAL
SCIENCE
Full
Marks: 100
Pass
Marks: 30
Time:
Three hours
The
figures in the margin indicate full marks for the questions.
PART – A: (Contemporary World Politics)
Marks:
50
1. Answer the following as directed: 1x6=6
a) Write any one new threat to human security.
Ans:- Global Poverty: One of the causes of
insecurity is global poverty. The disparities between the developed and
developing nations are ever-increasing.
b) Write ‘yes’ or ‘no’: China adopted an ‘open
door’ policy.
Ans:- Yes.
c) Write the full form of SAFTA.
Ans:- South Asian Free Trade Agreement
d) What do you mean by ‘Operation Desert Storm’?
Ans:- Ans: - The liberation of Kuwait from
Iraq by the United Nations is known as "Operation Desert Storm".
e)
Which of
the following UN agency is concerned with the safety and peaceful use of
nuclear technology?
Ø The UN
Committee on Disarmament.
Ø International Atomic Energy
Agency.
Ø UN
International Safeguard Committee.
Ø None of
the above.
f)
Mikhail
Gorbachev initiated
the reforms in Soviet Union in 1985. (Fill in the blank)
2. Write two causes of Globalisation. 2
Ans. The different factors that have
facilitated the occurrence of globalization –
a) Development
in the fields of science and technology.
b) Revolution
in information technology and electronic media.
3. Mention two areas of conflict between India
and Pakistan. 2
Ans. Kashmir issue and Border issue
and problem of river water sharing have affected India-Pakistan relations.
4. When was ASEAN established and how many
members were there at the beginning? 1+1=2
Ans:- ASEAN
was established on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok by the five original member
countries - Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.
5. Write the name of two super powers emerged
after Second World War. 2
Ans:-
America and the Soviet Union were two superpowers that emerged after World War
II.
6. Write two constraints of American hegemony.
2
Ans:- The
first obstacle is the institutional architecture of the American state. The
American system is based on the division of powers between the three organs of
government i.e. the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. These organs
imposed several restrictions on military powers, which was the second hurdle on
American society.
7. Write two causes of disintegration of
Soviet Union. 2
Ans. The following points are analyzed
by experts as the prime causes responsible for breakdown of Soviet Union.
a) Defective Leadership: The most
important cause for the disintegration of Soviet Union lies in the defective
leadership. The leader of the party was considered to be the leader of the
government and the state or country. The leaders were busy with their luxurious
lifestyle and corruption. The poor leadership and effort to improve their rule
became a cause for the disintegration of Soviet Union.
b) Reformative policies of Gorbachev: the
reformative policies of Mikhayl Gorbachev were also responsible for the
disintegration of Soviet Union. He without preparing an environment of freedom,
equality, nationality, economic self dependence and unity implemented the
policies of Glasnost (openness) and Perestroika (restructuring).
8. Discuss briefly about the relationship
between India and China. 4
Ans. India and China are both ancient
civilization, sharing a common border and having a relationship with each for
thousands of years. Buddhism spread from India and China and many Chinese
scholars visited India to learn Buddhism. National movements in the two
countries against colonial oppression led to some renewed contacts in the late
18th and 19th centuries.
Our
relations with China after independence started off very well due to a number
of friendly gestures on the part of India. India was one of the first countries
to recognize Communist China and later we advocated her membership to the
United Nations. During the Korean War of 1950, India established contacts with
China and played a positive role in the UN in defence of Chinese interests. In
1951, India voted in the UN General Assembly against a resolution branding
China as an aggressor in Korea. After independence, India renounced its
extra-territorial rights in Tibet and accepted China’s suzerainty over Tibet.
9. Discuss briefly about the economic
consequences of Globalisation. 4
Ans:- The economic
consequences of globalization are -
a) Globalization has involved more and more
trade in goods worldwide.
b) The restrictions imposed by various
countries on allowing imports from other countries have been reduced.
c) Restrictions on the movement of capital
across the country have also been reduced.
d) Globalization has also flowed ideas across
national boundaries. The proliferation of Internet and computer related
services is an example of that.
10. Write briefly about global poverty. 4
Ans:
Global poverty is a traditional threat to security. Inequality between rich and
poor countries is increasing. Poverty is the main factor of increasing
population growth in third world countries. Global poverty has created some
complex problems, such as illiteracy, development under the nutritional gap
between rich and poor, etc.
11. What is the relationship between the
rights of indigenous people and environment? Discuss briefly. 4
Ans:- All
indigenous people share spiritual, cultural, social and economic connections
with their traditional lands. ... For centuries, relations between indigenous
peoples and their environment have been erased due to the controversial or
forced removal of traditional lands and sacred sites.
The importance of traditional knowledge and
practices of indigenous peoples was acknowledged, and the international
community committed itself to promoting, strengthening and protecting the
rights, knowledge, and practices of indigenous peoples and their communities.
During the Earth Summit, indigenous people and
non-governmental organizations gathered in Kari-Oca, Brazil to share their
concern about the environment. The Kari-Oka Declaration and the Swadeshi
People's Earth Charter The people adopted in this meeting expressed the values
of the world's indigenous people and recognized them as a separate
relationship with the earth. The united voice of the indigenous people helped
influence the outcome of the Earth Summit.
12. Do you think that India should be given
permanent membership in UN Security Council? Justify your answer. 4
Ans:- A
permanent seat in the UNSC will provide India with much needed benefits to
expand its geopolitical and geo-economics dominance globally. Inclusion of
India in the UNSC will help change its position to become a global rule-maker
as well as a responsible stakeholder (as per international standard).
13. Discuss the consequences of disintegration
of Soviet Union. 6
Ans. The following points are analyzed
by experts as the prime causes responsible for breakdown of Soviet Union.
a) Defective Leadership: The most
important cause for the disintegration of Soviet Union lies in the defective
leadership. The leader of the party was considered to be the leader of the
government and the state or country. The leaders were busy with their luxurious
lifestyle and corruption. The poor leadership and effort to improve their rule
became a cause for the disintegration of Soviet Union.
b) Reformative policies of Gorbachev: the
reformative policies of Mikhayl Gorbachev were also responsible for the
disintegration of Soviet Union. He without preparing an environment of freedom,
equality, nationality, economic self dependence and unity implemented the
policies of Glasnost (openness) and Perestroika (restructuring).
c) Economic stagnation: The Soviet
Union maintained a huge nuclear and military arsenal which was used to develop
and maintain its satellite states in Eastern Europe and its Soviet Republics
particularly the five Central Republics. It led to a huge burden on its economy
and resources. People of Soviet Union could not advance as rapidly as their
Western adversaries.
Or
Discuss India’s Relationship with USA. 6
Ans:
- India-US relations:
(A) Areas of
conflict:
(i) India's friendship with the Soviet Union:
America did not like the behavior shown by Indians during the Cold War era. It
was displeased with India's proximity to the Soviet Union.
(ii) India's policy of non-alignment: America
was also troubled by India's policy of non-alignment. It said that India is a
diplomat on this issue.
(iii) US support to Pakistan: India did not
like US supporting Pakistan and providing all the required assistance during
Indo-Pak War.
(B) Areas of
cooperation:
(i) Indian-American diaspore: This factor is
providing a good platform for the development of Indo-US relations.
(ii) Trade relations: Trade relations between
the two countries have been beneficial to both the countries and this
relationship is improving.
14. Discuss critically about New International
Economic Order. 6
Ans:
- The new international economic order refers to an economic system to reduce
the difference between the developed countries of the world and less developed
countries.
The idea of the New International Economic
Order arose for the sustainable and equal economic development of the least
developed countries. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
came out in 1972 with a report to give feedback on the new international economy.
The new international economic order is a tool
for the least developed countries to achieve economic development and political
independence. This non-alignment motive gradually changed the nature of NAM and
by 1970 NAM became an economic pressure group.
Or
What was India’s stand in the Cold War era?
Discuss. 6
Ans:
- The salient features of the policy of non-alignment adopted by India in early
times were as follows:
(i) India tried to stay away from the power
politics of the two blocks out of fear that it could lead to large scale
disaster. Instead, India tried to follow a policy of peaceful co-existence,
cooperation and friendship.
(ii) The policy of non-alignment was not based
on the principle of isolationism or inaction. On the contrary, it was a positive
policy designed to promote national security and international peace.
(iii) The policy of non-alignment sought to
promote peace and emphasized the peaceful resolution of disputes by states.
(iv) India opposed military and security
alliances and refused to join these alliances because it restricted the
independence of the country to act independently. Furthermore, these alliances
created hatred and mistrust in the international arena and posed a serious
threat to world peace.
PART
– B: (Politics in India since Independence)
Marks:
50
15. Answer the following as directed: 1x6=6
a) In which year Planning Commission was
established?
Ans:- The Planning Commission was established
in 1950.
b) In which district Anti Arrack movement took
place?
Ans:- Nellore.
c)
First
nuclear explosion undertaken by India was in the year 18 May 1974. (Fill in the blank)
d)
Write the
name of any one State formed on the basis of State Reorganisation Act, 1956.
Ans:- Assam.
e)
The fourth
general election of 1967 brought change in India’s political and electoral
history. (Write ‘true’ of ‘false’)
f)
When was
National Emergency due to internal disturbance declared for the first time in
India?
Ans:- 25 June 1975.
16. Write two recommendations of Mandal
Commission. 2
Ans:- The
Mandal Commission therefore recommended that 27 percent of central and state
government jobs should be reserved for OBCs, and that 27 percent of the figure
should be applied to other "compensatory discrimination" or
"compensatory protection" benefits, including universities and
affiliates. For colleges.
17. India
and Pakistan were the two nations
included in ‘Two Nations Theory’ advanced by the Muslim League before
independence. 2
18. Write two features of Coalition
Government. 2
Ans. A broad arrangement between two
or more political parties to run a government is called Coalition Government.
The following are the some important features of the Coalition Government-
1) The
parties agreeing to form coalition form a common minimum programme. It is
formed taking some common goals into consideration.
2) Coalition
Governments are formed when no political party secures clear majority. The
parties ideologically congruent or incongruent may come together for formation
of government.
19. What were the two reasons which led to the
midterm election in 1980? 2
Ans:- The
two reasons of midterm elections in 1980:
(i) The Janata Party government was not
unanimous. There was a struggle for power within the party.
(ii) Janata Party lacked direction, leadership
and a common program.
20. Write any two features of India’s foreign
policy. 2
Ans:-
Features of India's foreign policy are:
1. Honesty and integrity in each other's areas
2. Solve problems with dialogue
21. What is ‘Grand Alliance’ in the context of
Indian Politics? 2
Ans: The
Grand Alliance was created by non-communist and non-Congress political parties.
It was formed in 1971. The SSP, PSP, Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Swatantra Party and
Bharatiya Kranti Dal were members of the Grand Alliance. It was an electoral
alliance aimed at opposing Indira Gandhi.
22. Discuss briefly about the reasons of
Congress domination in the early years of India’s independence. 4
Ans: The Indian National Congress had
unique political achievements. The Congress dominated the Indian political
scene from 1947–1967. The factors responsible for its dominance are -
1) National Clash of Heritage: The Congress Party got a huge and
rich legacy from the nationalist struggle. This brought political harmony in
his goodwill. Party leaders like Nehru and Shastri were popular enough to spend
years in jail and others were deprived. The legacy of the nationalist movement
helped to create harmony and unity in view of the party's internal plurality.
2) Grassroots Organization: Congress was the only grassroots
organization that existed at the time of its existence. Its federal structure
had the basis of internal democracy. This helped resolve internal fights and
cement party reconciliation. Internal party elections served as a means to
legitimize party leadership and to train party workers in the skills of
political leadership. This helped to reward mobile members.
3) Adjustment to local conditions: Congress is dominated by being
competent in local conditions. The nobility fully descended to power within the
Congress. Internal democracy in the party and the electoral gains of the
Congress helped the Congress adjust to changes in the local balance of power.
Furthermore, the broad base allowed the Congress to include successful
opposition leaders in its fold. It acts as a channel to inform the party
hierarchy about local conditions.
4) Attract new supporters: With the expansion of the development
role of the state, the resources that could be distributed to party members
also increased. A growing pool of resources and opportunities enhanced
Congressional ability to accommodate conflicts among its members. The party reaped
the benefits of a virtuous cycle in which electoral gains gave political
supporters access to gain new supporters.
23. Discuss briefly about Chipko movement. 4
Ans:
- The Chipko movement was an environmental movement that prevented the forest
department from cutting ash trees for the production of agricultural
commodities in rural areas, while they allotted land to a game maker for
commercial use. This angered the villagers and thus started the movement.
The forest department prohibited the villagers
of Uttar Pradesh from harvesting ash trees to make agricultural equipment. But
the forest department allowed a game maker to make ash trees for commercial
purposes. Villagers opposed this action of the forest department. The protest
spread to many parts of the Uttarakhand region of Uttar Pradesh. This is known
as the Chipko movement.
24. State the main arguments in the
debate that ensued between industrialisation and agricultural development at
the time of Second Five Year Plan. 4
25. Discuss briefly about the secessionist
movements in North East India. 4
Ans:-
Mass migration to the North-East gave rise to a particular type of problem that
created a crisis for ‘local’ communities to be viewed as outsiders or migrants.
These latecomers either from India or from abroad, encroach scarce resources
such as land and potential competitors, are seen as employment opportunities
and political power. The issue has taken a political and sometimes violent form
in many states of the Northeast.
The Assam movement from 1979 to 1985 is the
best example of such movements against 'outsiders'. Assamese suspected that
there are a large number of illegal Bengali Muslims from Bangladesh. He felt
that till these foreign nationals would not be traced and deported, they would
not put indigenous Assamese in a minority. There were other economic issues.
Assam had widespread poverty and unemployment despite the existence of natural
resources such as oil, tea and coal. It was felt that people were of no avail.
26. Discuss briefly about India’s Nuclear
policy. 4
Ans: When
Communist China conducted a nuclear test in October 1964, the five nuclear
weapons powers, the US, USSR, Britain, France and China (Taiwan then represented
China), also five permanent members of the UN Security Council Attempted
nuclear attack. The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) of 1968 on the rest
of the world. India considered the NPT to be discriminatory and refused to sign
it.
India is the sixth country in the world to
enjoy nuclear power in 1974 after a successful nuclear experiment. There are
four nuclear power stations operating in India. After India's nuclear test in
May 1998, the United States and other countries urged India to sign the CTBT
(Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty).
27. Discuss the controversies regarding
emergency. Do you think it was necessary? Justify your answer. 5+1=6
Ans:-
Disputes related to the Emergency in 1975–1977 were as follows:
Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister when the
Emergency was declared. Emergency was declared due to "internal
disturbances" in controversial circumstances of political instability.
It was almost 44 years ago when India declared
its deepest site an emergency and it was issued by Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, who
was the President under Article 352 (1) of the Constitution if the Constitution
and for a long time 21 Lasts for months.
Since that time several other human rights
violations were reported such as Justice Jugmohanlal Sinha finding the Prime
Minister guilty in the Allahabad High Court on charges of misuse of government
machinery.
Others including the forced sterilization
campaign by Sanjay Gandhi, Indira Gandhi Putra.
In any case, any type of dispute is never
necessary. This controversy was also not necessary but it was necessary for
Indira Gandhi to defend her politics.
Anti-Indira Gandhi opponents were arrested,
leaders of the Bharatiya Janata Party, who spent a long time in jail.
Or
Analyse the lessons India got from emergency. 6
Ans:
Following are the consequences of emergency -
a) Violation of
Rights: During an
emergency, the government has the power to prevent or restrict any fundamental
right included in the Indian Constitution.
b) Use of
preventive detention: The
government made extensive use of preventive detention laws during the
emergency. Under this provision, people are arrested and detained not because
they have committed a crime, but out of fear that they may commit a crime.
c) Return of the
awards: Many
recipients of civil awards went to the central government as a mark of
opposition to the Emergency. Those who received Bharat Tanta, Padma Shri, Padma
Bhushan, Padma Vibhushan returned the award for expressing displeasure with the
law imposed by Indira Gandhi.
d) Centralized
administration: As
soon as emergency was declared, the entire administration came under the
central government. This structure is followed as a part of the constitutional
provision. According to the Indian Constitution, when any type of emergency is
declared, the whole of India turns into a centralized federation.
e) Communal
Organization Restricted: During
the Emergency all Hindu and Muslim communal organizations were restricted to
maintain communal harmony in the society. Some such communal organizations were
RSS, Jamaat-e-Islami etc.
f) Central
Amendment: Many
constitutional amendments were made during the Emergency. Indira Gandhi
extended the term of the Lok Sabha, dividing the authority of the Supreme Court
in relation to the election of President, Vice President, Prime Minister and
Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
28. What do you mean by planned development?
Discuss the role of Planning Commission in the development of India. 1+5=6
Ans:-
Planned development means that development is not only focused on the path of
progress, but also eliminates the challenges of socio-economic issues.
Role of Planning Commission: -
(a)
To assess the country's material, capital and human resources, including
technical personnel, and to examine the possibilities of increasing such
resources which are found to be deficient in relation to the needs of the
nation.
(b)
To formulate a plan for the most effective and balanced use of the country's
resources.
(c)
Determining priorities, define the stage in which the plan should be completed
and propose allocation of resources for the completion of each phase.
(d)
Indicating the factors which are slowing down economic growth and determining
the circumstances which should be established for successful implementation of
the scheme in view of the present social and political situation.
(e)
To determine the nature of machinery which will be necessary to ensure
successful implementation of each stage of the plan in all its aspects.
Or
What is Green Revolution? Discuss critically
about green revolution in India. 1+5=6
Ans: In the 1960s, India was facing a food
crisis due to several reasons. The government decided to make India
self-sufficient in food. Therefore, in the mid-1960s, the growing use of
traditional varieties of seeds and fertilizer and irrigation is called the
Green Revolution. As a result of the Green Revolution, the area of improved seeds
increased from about 15 million hectares during 1970–71 to about 75 million
hectares in 1995–96.
The major benefits of the Green Revolution
were experienced mainly in northern and north-western India. There is
unprecedented enthusiasm among farmers in Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan and
Western UP. For the new variety of wheat, a situation developed in which the
demand for seed by the farmers exceeded the supply.
The Green Revolution has positive
consequences: The Green Revolution has created a concentration of wealth in the
hands of the top 10% of the rural population. The Green Revolution widened the
gap between the poor and small farmers and the rich landlords, and the Green
Revolution proved beneficial for the middle class peasants, as they could get
the benefit of mediation between the small farmers and the rich landlords.
***
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