SOCIOLOGY (Oct’ 2016)
(331)
NIOS SENIOR SECONDARY Solved Papers
Time: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 100
1.
Explain the effects of environment on human society. 4
Ans.:- Effects of environment on human society has been emerging as a major challenge for quite sometime. Development was for long associated with under exploitation of natural resources. We have seen that man, equipped with modern technologies and advanced scientific knowledge, has become an important factor in changing the environmental processes. It has to be realized that disturbances in one of the elements of nature i.e. air, water, land, flora and fauna gives rise to an imbalance in others. Natural processes or human factors sometimes aggravate natural environmental process to cause disaster for human society like (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, cyclones etc). They result in heavy loss of life and property. Environmental hazards for human health are as follows:
(i) Air pollution causes respiratory diseases.
(ii) Water pollution causes enteric diseases.
(iii) Solid waste pollution causes vector-borne diseases.
(iv) Toxic waste causes cancer and neurological disorders.
2.
In what way is regionalism a threat to national integration? 4
Ans.:-
Regionalism, like communalism and linguism, is also a challenge to national
integration. Regional aspirations of the people articulated by their leaders
threaten national integration. The regional aspirations and loyalty hurt the
feeling of national integration. Regionalism is responsible for the existence
of a number of regional political parties. It has sponsored the demand of
regional autonomy. It has created new States and is working for the creation of
more states.
3.
Highlight the features of dominant caste. 4
Ans.:- A caste can become dominant by having the features like:
(a) Large land holding s in the area (good economic position)
(b) Politically dominant (becoming vote bank)
(c) Having a large population
(d) High ritual status
(e) English medium education
(f) Having a tradition in agriculture (not tillers but landlords) and
(g) Having a tradition of violence (for dominance muscle power is essential).
4.
Give an account of the five pillars of Islam. 4
Ans.:- The five aspects constitute the ‘pillars’ of Islam. They are:-
a) Bearing witness in public at least once in one’s lifetime that ‘There is no God but God and Muhammad is His prophet.’ Islam’s fundamental ideas are the oneness of God and the finality of the Prophet.
b) Praying five times a day (before sunrise, early afternoon, late afternoon, immediately after sunset, and before retiring), while facing the Ka’ bah at Mecca.
c) Paying welfare tax (zakat) for poor.
d) Fasting during Ramadan (the ninth month of the Islamic lunar year) with no eating, drinking, smoking, or sexual intercourse from dawn until sunset.
e) Performing the annual pilgrimage to the Ka’ bah once in one’s adult lifetime provided one can afford the journey and has provision for one’s family.
5.
List the provisions of Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation)
Act, 1986. 4
Ans.:- Child labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986 has considered the child labour to a person who has less than 14 years of age but earns little wages.
The Act has prohibited child labour to work in Railways and its campus, Biri making, carpet making, cement production, weaving, dyeing and printing of clothes, preparation of explosive materials, lac industry, soap industry, leather industries and building construction.
The Act has decided 6 hours as the maximum hours of service rendered by a child labour per day with a rest period of half an hour.
The Act has forbidden services of child labour from 7 P.M. to 8 P.M. In the Act, there is provision of one-day holiday per week.
Keeping of employment register and age certificate of child labour have been made mandatory.
6.
What are primary institutions? Explain with examples. 6
Ans.:- According to some sociologists, institutions are basic constituents of any society. They are found in all cultures and in all societies. Some of the institutions are basic to the survival of any society. Some sociologists call them primary institutions. There are six primary institutions found in all societies. They are:
1) Economic institutions (e.g. agriculture, industry or any other
occupation),
2) Social institutions (e.g. family, marriage and kinship)
3) Political institutions.
4) Education or socialization.
5) Religion, and
6) Expressive institutions such as music, dance, fine arts and
literature, etc.
7.
Enumerate the factors that have brought about changes in the family. 6
Ans.:- Family, traditional as well as modern, has been undergoing changes under the impact of following factors:-
(i) Industrialization
(ii) Urbanization
(iii) Western culture
(iv) Modern education
(v) Legislative measures
(vi) Quarrels in the family
(vii) Emergence of various associations to perform different functions of family.
8.
Highlight the importance of values in our society. 6
Ans.:- Values are important for the following reasons:-
1) Values provide stability in group interaction. They hold the society together because they are shared in common. Since they are shared, the members of a society are likely to see others as “people like themselves.”
2) Values bring legitimacy to the rules that govern specific activities. The rules are accepted and followed because they embody the values.
3) Values help to bring about some kind of adjustment between different sets of rules. For example, if India cherish the values of equality then they will have to modify the rules governing the interpersonal relationships between husband and wife and man and woman and between castes.
9.
How is corruption manifested in our society and how can it be
eradicated? 6
Ans.:- In our country corruption is existing in every sphere of life. The practice of nepotism, favouritism, dowry, dishonesty, immorality and foeticide are example of social corruption.
Payment of illegal gratification for getting work done in offices is the most common form of corruption. Making money from misuse of office and power to contest election, utilising criminals to win election, looting polling booths, giving tickets to criminals, giving bride to legislators to get required number for making and unmaking a government, etc. are political forms of corruption.
Taking bribe and commission for getting the fund sanctioned, looting public money with the trader, etc. are examples of bureaucratic and administrative forms of corruption.
Admission on donation, free degree, diploma and certificate, mass copying, leak of question papers, bribing examiners, supply of answer materials from outside and all kinds of cheating are examples of educational corruption.
Corruption prevalent in development programme is example of developmental corruption.
10.
Explain briefly the problems faced by Scheduled Castes. 6
Ans.:- We can understand the problems of Scheduled Castes under the following three sections:-
a)
Problem of Untouchability (pollution):- On account of the practice of untouchability traditionally the
Scheduled Cates had to suffer from the following types of disabilities:-
1. No physical contact:-The persons belonging to untouchable Scheduled Castes did not participate in village meeting and worship. They lived in a separate hamlet. Their children did not attend school and play with children of higher castes.
2. Ban on the use of common wells and tanks:- The members belonging to Scheduled Cates were not allowed to use common village wells and tanks for fetching water. They had separate wells and ponds or depend on the courtesy of some are to pur water in their kitchens.
b)
Problem Poverty Generated by:- The
problem associated with the poverty of Scheduled Castes are as follows:-
1. Material Deprivation:- The Scheduled Castes were not allowed to have house, land, animals, ornaments, etc. So, they were deprived of material possessions.
2. Landlessness:- The Scheduled Castes did not own land for the purpose of residence an agriculture. They lived in huts erected on the land of the master and worked as agricultural labour as good as a bounded labour.
c)
Untouchability (Offences) Act 1955:- Article 17 of the Constitution of India declares abolition of untouchability
an offence. An Act untouchability (offences Act 1955) was also promulgated
declaring untouchability an offence. This Act has banned the practice of
untouchability in the matters of employment, drinking water supply, offering
worships, services in tea shop and hotels, journey by bus or train, use of
public places, meeting of Gram Panchayat, refusing to sell goods or rendering
services and admission in hospital. The act has made the practice of
untouchability punishable in the form of fine and punishment.
SECTION – B
OPTION – I
(STATUS OF WOMEN)
11.
What is feminism? 1
Ans.:- Feminism is both a concept and practice. Broadly defined, it is a state of awareness that women are oppressed and exploited in all social institutions.
12.
Why has child sex ratio declined sharply during last decade? 2
Ans.:- The situation is worse for the child sex ratio (CSR). According to the decadal Indian census, the sex ratio in the 0-6 age group went down from 962 girls per 1000 boys in 1981, to 914 girls per 1000 boys in 2011.
13.
List any two ways to check domestic violence. 2
Ans.:- How could domestic violence be countered?
1) First and foremost, cases of domestic abuse must be treated as crimes against women and not as a ‘personal matter’ between the residents of the household.
2) Women must learn to bring the existence of violence to the notice of their parents, friends, women’s organizations and the police.
14.
What were the highlights of Eighth Five-Year Plan? 4
Ans.:- Highlights of Eighth Five-Year Plan:- The Eight Plan (1990-95) period saw the creation of two major organizations, one aimed at social empowerment and the other at economic development of women. The National Commission on Women is a statutory body constituted under the National Commission for Women Act 1990. Its main duties are the protection of the interests of women by safeguarding their rights. The Rashtriya Mahila Kosh was set up in 1993 mainly to facilitate credit support and micro-finance to poor women.
15.
Explain briefly the laws implemented for protecting the rights of
women. 6
Ans.:- The laws implemented for protecting the rights of women are:-
1.
The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006:- According to the IDNTERNATIONAL Research Centre for Women, almost 47
percent of girls are married before the age of 18. Currently, India ranks 13 in
the world when it comes to child marriages. Since child marriage has been
steeped into the Indian culture and tradition since centuries, it has been
tough eliminating it. The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act was made effective
in 2007. This act defines child marriage as a marriage where the groom or the
bride are underage, that is, the bride is under 18 years of age or the boy is
younger than 21 years.
2.
Special Marriage Act, 1954:- The
objectives of this act is to provide- a special form of marriage in certain
cases, provide for registration of certain marriages and, to provide for
divorce. In a country like India and with the diverse religions and cast, when
people from different faiths and caste chose to get married they do it under
the special Marriage Act.
3. Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961:- According to this act, taking or giving of dowry at the time of the marriage to the bride or the bridegroom and their family is to be penalised. Dowry system, giving and taking of dowry, is norm in India. Dowry is often asked of the bride and her family by the groom and his family. The system has taken strong roots because women after marriage move in with their spouse and in –laws. Also, over the centuries, the lack for economic independence of women and the taboo towards divorce has resulted in bride burning. It is one of the major challenges that our society is grappling
OPTION – II
(CULTURE)
25. Who authored two great scientific works Aryabhattiya
and Surya Siddhanta? 1
Ans.:- Varahamihira
26. Culture is learned behaviour. Explain briefly. 2
Ans.:- Culture is a learned behaviour: When we greet others we fold our hands. In other words, we can say that we have learnt to greet with namaskar because we have seen others doing in the same manner or we have been told by our elders to do so.
27. What do you understand by cultural pluralism? 2
Ans.:- While discussing cultural pluralism, we should first understand the term ‘pluralism’ which means many. Cultural pluralism originates when two or more culture groups occupy a single geographical area, and participate in some common activity/activities, borrow elements of culture from each other, but continue to maintain their respective cultural autonomy.
28. Highlight the role of mass media in diffusion of
Culture. 4
Ans.:- Diffusion describes the spread of cultural trait from the point of origin throughout an area and into the neighbouring regions or to the neighbouring societies.
The spread of habits of aerated drinks (soft drinks) having tea coffee, smoking certain brands of cigarettes, using certain brands of toilet soaps, detergents, hair oil, shampoo, tooth paste, tooth brush and hair dye is decidedly due to the impact of television in recent times. For example-scenes of revelry displayed in small screen in commercial breaks have definitely added to the widespread intake of aerated drinks of different brands i.e. cocacola, ppepsi, frooti etc. covering almost every walk of life. Idli and dosa, supposed to be a south Indian preparation of light food, have now become almost international, largely because of mass media. In the closing decades of the last century, the small screen played no less significant role in carrying messages of Ramayana and Mahabharata to almost every individual, irrespective of caste, religion, community, age and gender.
29. Ancient India was rich in the field of art and
architecture. Explain with suitable examples. 6
Ans.:- Ancient India was as rich in the domain of sculpture and architecture as in the field of art and literature. The Vishnu temple at Deogarh, the Sun temple at Konark, the famous temple of Lord Jagannath at Puri are admired as gems of ancient Indian architecture. Khajurajo temples in Bundelkhand built of buff-coloured sandstones are still standing as loud witness to the outstanding architecture of ancient India. The Jain Dilwara temples of Mount Abu exhibit sculptural decoration of most marvellous richness and delicacy. The temples of Orissa have special place in the field of Indian architecture. The Orissan temples are characterized by the absence of pillars in the halls, an adorned interior and a lavishly adorned exterior. Among the finest of these are Lingaraj temple, Mukteswara temple and Rajarani temple at Bhubaneswar besides the Sun temple of Konark and the Jagannath temple of Puri. The strong and magnificent forts of Chittorgarh, Gawalior, the grand fort of Jodhpur the Hawa Mahal, and Amar Palace of Jaipur, the palaces of Jaipur, Udaipur and Gawalior, and the towns like Jaisalmir, Kota and Udaipur are some of the examples of architectural skill of India.
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