AHSEC Class 12 Political
Science Notes
Chapter 4
Alternative Centres of
Power
VERY
SHORT ANSWER
1. What is meant by Marshall Plan?
Ans.:-
Under the Marshall Plan, the organization of European Economic Cooperation was
established in 1948 to channel aid to the west European states. It became a forum
where the western European states began to co-operate on Trade and economic
issues.
2. Fill in the blanks:
Ans.:-
Euro is the common currency of European Union.
3. Write the full form of ASEAN?
Ans.:-
The full form of ASEAN is the Association of South East Asian Nations.
4. What is Bangkok Declaration?
Ans.:-
ASEAN was established in 1967 by five countries of that region by signing what
is called the Bangkok Declaration.
5. In which year ARF was established?
Ans.:-
In 1994 A.R.F. was established.
6. Write Yes or NO.’ India is a
member of ASEAN.
Ans.:-
No.
7. Who was the leader of communist
Revolution in China?
Ans.:-
Mao-Tse-Tung was the leader of Communist Revolution in China.
8. What is open door policy?
Ans.:-
The economic liberalization policy adopted by China in 1973 to open up
different sectors of economy for competition is the open door policy.
9. What do you mean by ‘Four
Modernization’?
Ans.:-
Four modernization was proposed by Zhou Enlain. He proposed for the “Four
modernization” in sector such as science and technology.
10. In which year P.M. Rajiv Gandhi
visited China?
Ans.:-
In 1988
11. In which year single market was
created?
Ans.:-
Single market was created in the year 1993.
12. In which year Council of Europe
was established?
Ans.:-
Council of Europe was established in 1949.
13. In which year the ASEAN Regional
Forum was established?
Ans.:-
ASEAN Regional Forum was established in 1994.
14. When China became a member of
World Trade Organization?
Ans.:-
China became a member of World Trade Organization in December 11, 2001.
15. When was Treaty of Maastricht
Signed?
Ans.:-
Treaty of Maastricht Signed in 1992.
16. In which year ASEAN was
established?
Ans.:-
ASEAN was established in 1967.
17. Write in one sentence problem of
unemployment in China?
Ans.:-
Over population is one important factor of unemployment in China.
18. Who was the Political religious
leader of Tibet in 1950?
Ans.:-
Dalai Lama.
19. China entered into bilateral
relations with which major country in 1972.
Ans.:-
China entered into bilateral relations with U.S. in 1972.
SHORT
ANSWER
1. Mention the names of eh permanent
members of the UN Security Council from the European Union?
Ans.:-
France and Britain are the permanent members of the UN Security council from
the European Union.
2. Do you think that European
integration was aided by the cold war? How?
Ans.:-
Yes, European integration was aided by the Cold War. America created massive
financial help for reviving Europe’s economy under what was called Marshall
Plan.
3. Do you think that European Union
has started to act like nation state? Give reasons.
Ans.:-
Yes, European Union has started to act like a nation state. Some reasons behind
it are- Although the attempts to have a constitution from the E.U. have failed,
it has its own flag, anthem, founding date and currency. It also has some form
of a common foreign and security policy in its dealing with other nation.
4. What are the objectives of ASEAN?
Ans.:-
Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore are the pillars of ASEAN
community. The objectives of ASEAN were primarily to accelerate economic growth
and through that social progress and cultural development. A secondary
objective was to promote regional peace and stability based on the rule of law
and the principles of the United Nations character.
5. Fill in the blanks:
Ans.:-
The Border conflict between China and India in 1962 was principally over Arunachal
Pradesh and Aksai chin.
6. Mention the names of to ASEAN
members with whom India has signed FTA’s.
Ans.:-
Singapore and Thailand are the two ASEAN members with whom India has signed
FTA’S.
7. What are the objectives of
establishing Regional organizations?
Ans.:-
During the cold war years India foreign policy didn’t pay adequate attention to
ASEAN. But in recent years, India has tried to make amends it signed FTA’S with
two ASEAN members viz. Singapore and Thailand. It is trying to sign an FTA with
ASEAN itself.
8. Write any two causes that led to
the formation of European Union.
Ans.:-
Two causes led to the formation of Europe Union are:
i) The collapse of the Soviet bock put European on a first
track and resulted in the establishment of the European Union in 1992.
ii) The formation of E.U. was laid four a common foreign and
security policy, co-operation on justice and Home affairs and the creation of
single currency.
9. Mention two countries who are
member of E.U.?
Ans.:-
Denmark and Sweden are members of E.U.
10. Write the names of two great
powers of Asia?
Ans.:-
India and China are two great powers of Asia.
11. Mention two drawbacks of China’s
new economic policy?
Ans.:-
Two drawbacks of China’s new economic policy:
i) China’s new economic policy has not been able to touch
everyone.
ii) Unemployment has raised in China.
12. Which countries joined the E.U.
in January 1995?
Ans.:-
Austria, Finland, Sweden joined E.U. in January 1995.
13. In 1992 which regional
organization was formed?
Ans.:-
In 1992 European union was formed.
14. Write two aims of European Union?
Ans.:-
Two aims of European Union are:
a) Promote peace its values and the well being of the people.
b) Promote economic, social and territorial cohesion and
solidarity.
15. In what way does the present
Chinese economy differ from its command economy?
Ans.:-
Chinese economy during the about 30 years has shown a tremendous growth from a
centrally planned system that was largely closed to international trade it is
change to a more market oriented economy that has a rapidly growing private
sector and is a major player in the global economy.
China’s
economy during the last quarter century has changed from a centrally planned
system. In the beginning, the economy of China was based on the Soviet model.
In 1970’s China started its economic reforms. Again, in 1978 announced the
‘Open Door Policy.’ The ‘Open Door Policy’ was to generate higher productivity
by investments of capitals and technology from abroad.
16. What is meant by Maastricht
Treaty?
Ans.:-
In 1992 Maastricht Treaty was signed which was the bigger stop to formally
created European Union.
17. What major challenges arose in
Europe after the Second World War?
Ans.:-
After the Second World War there were a dated about the “questions of Europe.”
There was growing communist threat and division of Germany promoted the United
States to play a more pro-active role in Europe.
18. ………… Plan influenced the
establishment of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation in……….?
Ans.:-
Marshall Plan influenced the establishment of the Organization for European
Economic Cooperation in 1948.
LONG ANSWER
1. The European Union has evolved
over time from an Economic union to an increasingly political one Elaborate.
(OR) “The European Union is more a nation state than Economic Union” Justify.
Ans.:-
The E.U. has evolved over time from an economic Union to increasingly the
political one. The E.U, has stated to act more like a nation state it has its
own Flag, anthem, founding date and currency. It also has some form of a common
foreign and security policy in its dealing with other Nations. The European Union
has right to expand areas of cooperation while acquiring new members,
especially from the erstwhile Soviet Block.
2. Mention four modernizations
proposed by Zhou Enlai in China.
Ans.:-
China like Soviet Union faced severe economic crisis due to minimal trade and
low per capita income agriculture also did not provide surplus for industry.
This crisis lead Chinese to review the policy 1970. In 1972, it ended its
economic and political isolation by establishing close relation with the USA
premier Zhou Enlai in 1973 proposed for modernization in the field of
agriculture, industry, science, and technology. In 1978, the supreme Chinese
leader Deng Xiaoping announced Open Door Policy and reforms in China. The aim
was to increase productivity by investment of technology and capital from
abroad.
3. Briefly discuss about the economic
policy adopted by China to end stagnation.
Ans.:-
China followed its own path in introducing a market economy to end stagnation.
The Chinese in its policy did not go for “Shock Therapy” but open the economy
step by step. The privatization of agriculture in 1982 was followed of industry
in 1998. Trade barriers were eliminated only in Special Economic Zones (SEZ’s)
where foreign investors could set up enterprises. In China, the state played
and continues to play a central role in setting up a market economy.
The
new economic policies helped the Chinese Economy to break from stagnation
privatization of agriculture led to a remarkable rise in agricultural
production and rural incomes.
4. Do you think that economic reforms
touched everyone in China? Give reasons.
Ans.:-
Although China has grown into a major economic power but the fruits of
development has not touch everyone in China. Unemployment has raised in China
with nearly hundred million people looking for jobs. Female employment and
conditions of work are as bad as Europe of the 18 and 19 century. Environmental
degradation and corruption have increased besides a rise in economics
inequality between rural and urban residence and coastal and inland land
provinces.
5. What are the components of the
ASEAN vision 2020?
Ans.:-
The components of the ASEAN vision 2020 are:-
a) The ASEAN vision 2020 builds on the existing ASEAN policy
to encourage negotiation over conflicts in the region.
b) ASEAN has mediated the end of the Cambodian Conflict, the
East Timor Crisis and meets annually to discuss East Asian Cooperation.
Thus, the components of the ASEAN vision 2020 are
i) Outward looking role.
ii) Encouragement to negotiations.
iii) Mediatory role of ASEAN.
6. Write India’s stand and status in
ASEAN?
Ans.:-
ASEAN was established in 1967 by five countries of this region. India supports
ASEAN community for the promotion of peace establishment of cooperation and
ensure development in Asia. India has maintained States of ASEAN.
7. Who are the members of ASEAN
regional forum (ARF)?
Ans.:-
The members of ASEAN are:
a) Indonesia.
b) Malaysia.
c) Philippines.
d) Singapore.
e) Thailand.
8. Name the six countries who signed
the Treaty of Rome establishing the European Economic Community (EEC)?
Ans.:-
The Name of six countries who signed treaties of from establishing eh European
Economic Community:
i) France.
ii) West Germany.
iii) Italy.
iv) Belgium
v) Netherland.
vi) Luxembourg.
9. The Chinese US President HU Jintae
was in India during November 2006. Write note on the agreement signed during eh
visit.
Ans.:-
A joint declaration was issued by India and China in New Delhi on 21st
November 2006 reflecting the shared vision and mutual objectives of the two countries
in a number of important areas. Both sides acknowledged that the relationship
between India and China the two biggest developing countries in the world, was
a global and strategic significance and that a strong platform for common
development existed.
More
importantly, they stressed that they were not rivals or competitors but
partners for mutual benefit with a responsibility to the developing world. This
is a critical message- if the two can truly overcome the differences and work
together, a strong partnership between India and China will directly benefit
over one-third of the world’s population and position. Asia as the potential
leader of the future World order, From the security perspective, both sides
where are of the view that great Sino Indian corporation could pave the way for
India and China to exercise real influence in the future of global politics and
international relations.
The
two countries agree to revitalize and expand the India China dialogue mechanism
on counter- terrorism and to engage the United Nations in promoting a peaceful
world order that ensured balanced representation of developed and developing
Nations. To that end, China acknowledged and supported in desperation to have a
strong presence in the United Nations but stopped short of supporting India’s
bid for permanent membership of the United Nations Security Council. Both
leaders committed themselves to a ten -
pronged strategy to shape Sino-Indian relations are signed a series of
13 agreements touching on various areas, including trade, investment, cultural
heritage, education and agriculture.
10. Name the five countries who
established ASEAN in 1967.
Ans.:-
(1) Indonesia (2) Malaysia (3) Philippines (4) Singapore (5) Thailand
11. Name the pillars and objectives
of the ASEAN community?
Ans.:-
Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand are the pillars of
the ASEAN community. The objectives of ASEAN where primarily to accelerate
economic growth and through that social progress and cultural development, a
secondary objective was to promote regional peace and stability based on the
rule of law and the principles of the United Nations character.
12. List of the contributory factors
which gave recognition to Chinese economy at the global level?
Ans.:-
China followed its own path in introducing a market economy to end stagnation.
The Chinese in its policy did not go for “Shock Therapy” but opened their
economy step by step. The privatization of agriculture in 1982 was followed of
industry in 1998. Trade barriers were eliminated only in the special economic
zones (SEZ’s) where foreign investors could setup enterprises in China the
state played and continues to play a central role in setting up a market
economy.
The
new economic policies helped the Chinese economy to break form stagnation
privatization of agriculture led to a remarkable rise in agricultural
production and rural incomes.
13. What are the odds which limited
the ability of European Union?
Ans.:-
The European Union has been successful to a great extent in realizing its aims
and objectives but it is not free from obstruction these are:
i) As a supranational organization the European is able to
intervene in economic, political, and social areas. But in many areas its
member states have their own foreign relations and defence policy that are
often at odds with each other. For example, Britain’s Prime Minister Tony Blair
was America’s partner in the Iraq invasion, and many of the EU’s new member
made up the willing where as Germany and France opposed America’s policy.
ii) There is also deep seated Euro-skepticism in some parts
of Europe about the EU’s integrationist agenda. Thus for example, Britain’s
former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher kept the UK out of the European market.
Denmark and Sweden have resisted the Maastricht TREATY AND THE ADOPTION OF THE
Euro. This limits the ability of the European Union to act in matters of
foreign relations and defence.
14. How the rise of Chinese economy
became the third alternative to the world power?
Ans.:-
The rise of Chinese economy has made it the third alternative to the world
power. China’s steady economic growth has projected to overtake the US as the
world’s largest economy, China’s economic integration into the region makes it
the driver with enormous influence in
regional affairs, the strength of its economy together with other factors such
as population, land mass, resources, regional location and political influence
have added to it power in significant ways and made it the third alternative
power in the world.
15. How does geographical proximity
influence the formation of Regional organization?
Ans.:-
Geographical proximity has a very positive influence on the formation of
Regional organization. A large majority of the people living in a particular
area generally have come on religion, language, customs and conventions and
culture which inculcates a feeling of oneness and unity among them.
Geographical proximity also encourages economic cooperation and inter-state
trade. They can also form some security community through which the member
countries can settle their mutual disputes without involving in armed conflict.
Besides, they can help social and economic development in the region. Thus, by
forming such organization, member states can uphold peace, cooperation and
respect for each other’s sovereignty.
16. What major challenges arose in
Europe after the Second World War?
Ans.:-
As the Second World War came to an end, many of European leaders gripped with
the questions of Europe. Should Europe be allowed to revert to its old
rivalries or be reconstructed on principles and institutions that world
contribute to a positive conception of international relations. The Second
World War shattered many of the assumptions and structures on which the
European states had based their relation. In 1945, the European States
confronted the ruin of their economics and the destruction of the institutions,
assumption and structures on which Europe had been founded.
VERY
LONG ANSWER
1. What is ASEAN community? Briefly
discuss about the three pillars of ASEEAN community.
Ans.:-
Since ASEAN had some of the most rapidly growing economics it expanded in
objectives beyond the real time of social and economic cooperation. In 2003,
ASEAN followed the European Path by stabilizing an ASEAN community with three
pillars. They are:-
i) ASEAN
Security community:-
a) The security community aims to maintain peace and security
in the South Asian Nations. For this they meet frequently to solve their
security issues.
b) ASEAN nations also want to make their place is zone of
peace therefore collaborate with each other to wipe out insurgency and
terrorist activities.
ii)
ASEAN Economic community:-
a) ASEAN targets to create a common market introduction base
within ASEAN States and to aid social and economic development in the region.
b) It has also focused on creating a Free Trade Area for
investment labour and services.
iii)
ASEAN socio-cultural community:-
a) ASEAN nations have tries to maintain close cultural
relationship with all regions of the world there has been frequent exchange of
sports and cultural teams amongst the ASEAN non-ASEAN Nations.
b) They also aim that close cultural links will solidify the
relations amongst ASEAN nations. The organization has started awarding literary
awards to people in the ASEAN region.
2. Briefly discuss the role of three
major alternative centres of power.
Ans.:-
The role of three measures alternative centres of power discussed below:
a) European Union:-European Union has
played a major role as an alternative centre of power it has considerable
political, military, economic and diplomatic influence. EU has a GDP of over
which 12 million is the biggest economy in the world surpassing even USA. EU’s
share of World Trade is three times bigger than that of US. The economic power
of EU gives its power to influence neighbours as well as Asian and African
countries.
b) ASEAN:- Since ASEAN has come of
the most rapidly growing economics with expanded its objectives during the real
time of social and economic cooperation. The vision 2020 builds ASEAN as one of
the major alternative centres of power, by encouraging negotiation over
conflicts in the region. For example ASEAN has mediated the end of Cambodian
conflict, the East Timor crisis and meets annually to discuss East Asia
Cooperation.
c) China as an Alternative centre
of power:- China has opened up its economy which in turn has helped Chinese
economy to break from stagnation of command economy. Privatization of
agriculture led to a remarkable rise in agricultural production and rural
incomes followed by an exponential growth of rural industry but during common
economy industrial production was lagging behind. Presently the new trading
laws and creation of special economic zones led to phenomenal rise in foreign
trade whereas, under closed economy China’s international trade was minimal and
per capita income was very low.
3. Write a note in India China
relations.
Ans.:-
India and China about ancient civilization, sharing a common border and having
a relationship with each for thousands of years. Buddhism spread from India and
China and many Chinese scholars visited India to learn Buddhism. National
movements in the two countries against colonial oppression led to some renewed
contacts in the late 18th and 19th centuries.
Our
relations with China after independence started off every well due to a number
of friendly gestures on the part of India. India was one of the first countries
to recognize communist China and later we advocated her membership to the
United Nations. During the Korean War of 1950, India established contacts which
China and played a positive role in the UN in defence of Chinese interests. In
1951, India voted in the UN general assembly against a resolution branding
China as an aggressor in Korea. After independence, India re announced its
extra territorial rights in Tibet and accepted China’s suzerainty over Tibet.
In
1954, India signed the famous Panchsheel, which started a new era of
sino-indian friendship. The friendship between the two reached its zenith at
the Bandung conference of Afro-Asian Nations in 1955. India gave full moral and
diplomatic support to China and China supported India’s claim on Goa.
After
1957, problem arose over Tibet on the border issue. In 1956, China launched a
full-scale invasion on Tibet. India protested against this and China accused
India of being influenced by imperial powers. The revolt by the Tibetans in
1959 was put down. Dalai Lama along with thousands of refugees feed to India.
The grant of asylum to Dalai Lama was viewed as an enemy like act.
The
Chinese reaction was very strong on the Sikkim issue. They accused India of
being “expansionism” and trying to create a great Indian Empire with the
backing of Moscow.
4. Briefly outline the attempts that
led to the formation of ASEAN community.
Ans.:-
Before and during the Second World War, Sough Eastern region of Asia suffered
the economic and political consequences of repeated colonialism, both European
and Japanese. At the end of the war it confronted problems of nation building,
the ravages of property and economic backwardness and the pressure to align
with one great power or another during the cold war. This was a recipe for
conflict, which the countries of South East Asia could ill afford. Efforts at
Asian and third World Unity, such as the Bandung conference at the Non-Aligned
movement, very ineffective in establishing the conventions of informal
cooperation and interaction. Hence, the South East Asian nations sought on
alternative y establishing the association for South East Asian nations
(ASEAN). And for the aspiration (ASEAN) was established in 1967 by five
countries of South Eastern region- Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines,
Singapore and Thailand by singing the Bangkok declaration. The objectives of
ASEAN where primarily to accelerate economic growth and through that ‘social
progress and cultural development’.
5. Give your suggestions to resolve
the contentious issue between India and China.(or) briefly describe recent
development regarding the international dispute between India and China.
Ans.:-
When China attacked in Tibet 1952-81, Dalai Lama, The political and the
religious leader of Tibet took shelter in India. As a result the relations
between the two countries become strained. India and China also have a
controversy over the MC Mohan line, the border line between the India and
China. China and India were involved in a border conflict in 1962 over competing
territorial claims principally in Arunachal Pradesh and in the Aksai China
region of Ladakh.
During
indo-Pak war of 1965, China clearly demonstrated its hostility towards India
and gave moral and diplomatic support to Pakistan, China has been an aid-giver
country to Pakistan. It has been supporting Pakistan’s military financially and
technically. China has contributed Pakistan to build nuclear arsenals. China’s
military relations with Bangladesh and Myanmar were viewed as hostile to Indian
interest in south Asia. China demonstrated it’s continued towards India, and
support to Pakistan, during Bangladesh crisis in 1971. India’s nuclear tests in
1974 and 1998 have also been an issue of dispute between India and China.
However, all these contentious issues between the two countries can be solved
by mutual understanding on continuous genuine efforts by both the countries.
Now,
China and India are two new emerging economic powers of the world, they must
solve their disputes amicably. As both view themselves as rising powers and
global politics, and both would like to play a major role in the Asian economic
and politics they should interact on regular intervals. Steps should be taken
to content conflict and maintain peace and tranquility on the border. Both
countries should cooperate in the areas of science and technology.
Cultural
exchanges will further boost the relationship. As both are emerging economic
powers they must enhance their trade relations. Cooperation with each others in
areas that could otherwise create conflict between the two such as bidding for
energy deals abroad, is very necessary. At the global level, India and China
must adopt similar policies in international economic institutions like the
World Trade Organization. Interesting transportation and communication links,
on economic interests and global concerns will certainly help in establishing a
more positive and sound relationship between the two most populous countries of
the world.
6. Write a note on European Union
under following headlines?
(a)
Inception. (b) Aims and objectives (c) significance
(or)
What makes the European Union a highly influential regional organization?
Ans.:-
Since its formation in 1992, The EU is playing a very important role as a
highly influential regional organization. It has economic, political,
diplomatic and military influence in the international field. It is clear from
the following-
The
EU is the world’s biggest economy with the GDP of more than 12 trillion dollars
in 2005, which is slightly larger than that of the US. Its currency EURO can
pose a challenge to the dominance of US dollar. Its share of World Trade is
three times larger than that of the US. Its economic powers gives it influence
over its closest neighbours as well as in Asia and Africa.
It
is also functions as an important bloc in economic organizations such as World
Trade Organisation (W.T.O). The EU has political and diplomatic influence. Its
two members- Britain and France are permanent members of the Security Council
of UNO and EU also has several of its members as non-permanent members of the Security
Council. This has enabled the EU to influence some US policies such as current
US position on Iran’s nuclear programme. Its use of diplomacy economic
investments and negotiation have been very effective as in the case of dialogue
with China and human rights and environmental degradation. Militarily the EU’s
combined armed forces are the second largest in the world. Its total spending
on defence is the second after USA. Two of its members, Britain and France also
have large nuclear arsenals. It is also the world’s second most important
source of space and communication technology.
7. What are the major areas of
influence of European Union? Discuss in detail.
(or) write about the political and diplomatic influence of EU.
Ans.:-
European Union, an influential Regional organization in the Europe was formed
in 1992. Since its inception EU continues to grow as a highly powerful
organization. The European Union has economic, political, diplomatic and
military influence.
a) European Union’s economic power:- The European Union the
world’s biggest economy with the GDP of more than 12 trillion in 2005, slightly
larger than that of USA. Its currency, the Euro is now in a position to threat
the dominance of the US dollar its share of World Trade is three times larger
than that of the USA allowing it to be more assertive in trade dispute with the
USA and China. Its economic power gives its influence over its closest
neighbours as Well as Asia and Africa. It also functions as an important bloc
in international economic organization such as WTO.
b) The European union’s political
power:-
Two members of the European union, Britain and France hold permanent seats in
the security council. The EU includes several non-permanent members of the
UNSC. This has enabled the EU to influence some us policies such as the current
US position on Iran’s nuclear programme. Its use of diplomacy, economic
investments and negotiation rather than coercion and military force has been
effective as in the case of its dialogue with China on human rights and
environment degradation.
c) European Union’s military power:- Militarily, the
European union’s combined armed forces are the second largest in the world. Its
total spending on defence is second after the US. The EU member states, Britain
and France also have nuclear arsenals of approximately 550 nuclear warheads. It
is also the world’s second most important source of space and communications
technology.
8. In spite of the drastic economic
development in China, Some economic challenges still exist there. List of the
challenges.
Ans.:-
With the introduction of the New Economic Policy in China, while the Chinese
economy has improved dramatically yet not everyone in China has received the
benefits of the reforms and China is still faces some economic challenges like-
a) Unemployment has rises in China with nearly 100 million
people looking for jobs.
b) Female employment and conditions of work are as bad as
Europe of the 18th and 19th centuries.
c) Environmental degradation and corruption have interest to an
unprecedented level.
d) There is also a rise in ‘Economic Inequality’ between
rural and urban residents and coastal and Inland provinces.
e) There is violation of human rights and the people do not
enjoy the requisite members of basic rights.
9. The peace and prosperity of
countries lay in the establishment and strengthening of regional economic organization.
Justify the statement.
Ans.:-
The peace and prosperity of countries in the establishment and strengthening of
regional economic organization. The objective of establishing Regional
organization is to make sure peace and prosperity of the member countries.
Various aims of establishing regional economic organization are:-
i) To accelerate economic growth.
ii) To accelerate social progress and cultural development.
iii) To promote regional peace and stability,
iv) To increase political cooperation.
v) To strengthen security cooperation.
vi) To strengthen security, cooperation and progress.
